The White Hotel :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The White Hotel Donald Michael Thomas began his writing career as a poet, and his early work was notable for the way it ranged across the heights of the fantasy worlds of science fiction and of sensuality. Thomas was a superb writer, meticulous researcher, and a genius in deceiving the reader. He skillfully wrote The White Hotel, combining prose, poem, and science fiction, to make it a believable, conceivable, and a touching piece of literature. In his novel, Thomas makes realistic and believable references to Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytic theories. Furthermore, he was able to capture the real Freud so well that many Freudian scholars believed this â€Å"case study† of Frau Anna G. to be a lost work of Sigmund Freud. This leads us to conclude that Thomas did not only possess a great imagination for fiction, but was also well studied in his accounts of Freud and the Holocaust. Composed of a prologue and six sections, The White Hotel utilizes a variety of literary forms. The main characters of this novel are the celebrated psychoanalyst and theorist Sigmund Freud and Lisa Erdman, a twenty-nine-year-old, half-Jewish Viennese opera singer who comes to Freud for treatment of hysteria in 1919. This novel is by far one of the greatest works of English literature, exploring such concepts as, premonition, inhumanity, sexuality, and briefly, the concept of life after death. It is fashioned with many images of love, death, life, and desire, taking the audience on a horrifying and historical depiction of the Holocaust. Thomas’ novel is written using the third and first person narrator, which seems to have more knowledge than the reader or the character. I have to admit that I was distracted and even caught off guard by Thomas’ disorganization of chronological events. For example, the novel begins with presumably the middle of the story, after which the novel continues with the beginning and then ends the novel with a metaphorical new beginning for Lisa Erdman. Furthermore, many parallels and symbols can be seen in each section, which brilliantly connects them into a cohesive story filled with meaning and dire premonitions of an inevitable future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout this course, we have discussed various novels, from a psychoanalytic point of view, and we have been able to deconstruct many of the characters according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theories. Ironically, in The White Hotel, it is those theories that allow the reader to be misguided, and not realize the important symbolism of Lisa’s symptoms.

What is Bayesian Thinking?

It is common knowledge that human beings commit errors in judgment all the time. In areas of uncertainty, most of us go with our gut intuition, and in most cases this intuition turns out to be wrong. Much of this is derived from the fact that humans are poor statistical thinkers, and thus poor Bayesian thinkers. What is Bayesian thinking? Let us start with an illustrative example, called the Monty Hall problem — famously depicted in the Kevin Spacey movie â€Å"21.† There are three doors, and behind each door is either a goat or a car. There will always be two doors with goats and one door with a car. The player first chooses a door without opening, and the game show host whose interests are opposed to the player, proceeds to open a different door. Since the host knows what is behind each door, he always opens a door with a goat. Now that the player is left with the initially chosen door and another closed door, the host offers an opportunity to switch to the other unopened door. Should the player switch? The answer for an intuitive Bayesian, a purely statistical thinker, should be easy. Unfortunately, human beings are not intuitive Bayesians. In fact, most people answer that it doesn't matter if the player switches or not, since the probability of winning a car is 50% between the two doors anyways. They would be wrong. Now, before we examine the correct way to think about this problem, one might ask, so what? Why does it matter if humans are not intuitive Bayesians, or even more broadly, bad statistical thinkers? Simply, Bayesian reasoning corrects some of the issues with bad statistical thinking. Bad statistical thinking leads to bad judgments and decisions, which have a wide variety of consequences in everyday life as well as in arenas such as politics and science. Thus, everyone should become better Bayesian thinkers, because under uncertainty, accurate probabilistic judgments are useful and important.To give a accurate depiction of how Bayesian reasoning works, let us return to the Monty Hall problem, and examine why not only switching doors matters, but that it is beneficial to switch. When the host first opened the door with the goat, something happened: opening the door gave the player extra information, and thus changed the probability of outcomes. By utilizing this extra information, it is no longer a 50% chance for the player to win the car after switching doors, but a ~67% (2/3) chance. Let us suppose that the player picks the door which contains the car. The host opens either the first goat door or the second (it does not matter), and the player switches to the other goat door and loses. Now, suppose the player picks the first goat door instead, which means the host is forced to open the second goat door. Since the only other door contains the car, the player switches and wins. Lastly, suppose the player picks the second goat door. The host is forced to open the first goat door, which again, means the player will win the car after a switch. These are the only three possible scenarios, and so we see that the probability of winning is two out of three if the player switches. Conversely, what if the player doesn't switch? In the first scenario, the player wins the car, but in scenarios two and three, the player obviously loses. Thus, to not switch is to have only a 33% (1/3) chance to win the car.The Monty Hall problem is a rather simple illustration of how Bayesian reasoning works, so in order to gain a more complete understanding, we must explore its principles. In 1763, a paper by Reverend Thomas Bayes was published posthumously called â€Å"An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances,† and brought about a paradigmatic shift in statistics: by using ever-increasing information and experience, one can gradually approach the unknown or understand the unknown (of course, his main motive was to prove the existence of God). Fundamentally, Bayesian reasoning believes in the correction of probabilities over time, and that all probabilities are merely estimates of the likelihood of events to occur. Through the further efforts of mathematicians like Lagrange in perfecting the Bayesian framework, we now have a modern and complete theory of probability. First, there are what we call priors, which is the strength of our beliefs, or put it another way, the likelihood that we are to change our beliefs. Then, we have our posteriors, which is the empirical aspect, or the influx of new information. The Bayesian framework then takes these two components and mathematically analyzes how posteriors affect priors. If we know nothing about an event, then all we can do is estimate a probability. However, if there is new information, then the probability must be corrected based on this new information. Over time, as experiences grow through more information, these estimates of probabilities will eventually fit â€Å"reality.† In the Monty Hall case, the moment the the host opened the goat door, that influx of new information, or change in posteriors, immediately influences the player's priors. If the host doesn't open a door, the player merely has a 33% chance to win the car between the three doors, and switching makes no difference. However, since the host removes a door, and specifically the door that contains a goat, these two new posteriors directly influence the original prior from 33% to 66%. One might think that this method of thinking is mysteriously similar to the scientific method, which is certainly true. However, To put it another way, Bayesian thinking is how to use some known information or experience to judge or predict the unknown. For example, event A is â€Å"rainy tomorrow† and event B is â€Å"cloudy tonight†. If you see cloudy tonight, what is the probability of raining tomorrow? If you use the Bayes theorem directly, you only need to know the probability of raining every day, the probability of cloudy nightly, and if one day it rains, then the probability of the cloudy night of the previous night will be substituted into the formula and done. The question is, where do these probabilities come from, and how do we infer the possibility based on the information we have . In fact, most of the valuable problems are backward problems, for example: the stock market, through those few signs can be judged to be a more or less opportunity; the hospital, through which symptoms can determine what is the disease; science Research, through several experimental data, you can construct what theory to explain the model and so on. In general, mathematicians, physicists, etc. are all about backward problems, or they can not predict or judge the outcome with few signs or phenomena, and there is no value (by the way, do not know the reverse Problem-thinking people can not fight in the financial market or the stock market. At present, the most advanced research in the speculative market is almost a process of backward stochastic process and martingale theory. It is known that the incidence of a disease is 0.001, that is, 1 in 1,000 people is sick. There is a reagent that can test whether a patient is sick or not, and its accuracy is 0.99, which means that 99% of the patients may be positive when the patient really gets sick. Its false positive rate is 5%, which means that 5% of the patients may get positive if they do not get sick. There is a positive test result of a patient, what is the probability that he does get sick?We got a staggering result of about 0.019. In other words, even if the test is positive, the probability of getting sick is only increased from 0.1% to 2%. This is the so-called â€Å"false positive†, that is, the positive result is not enough to show that the patient is sick.Why is this? Why is the accuracy of this test up to 99%, but the credibility is less than 2%? The answer is related to its false positive rate. Here we see the power of the Bayesian theorem, that it allows us to deduce the unknown probability from the known probability and the information at hand.The human brain and quantification vs heuristic thinking. The advantage of Bayesian analysis is that it does not require any objective estimation, just guess a priori casually. This is the key, because most of the events that occur in the real world have no objective probability. This is actually very similar to the scientific method: we did not know anything from the beginning, but we are willing to experiment and gradually find out the laws of nature. Bayesian reasoning operates in the same way, through continually the posterior probability in accordance with existing experimental data. Biggest problem with Bayesian reasoning is that human brains cannot quantify information easily. The most commonly raised example is Malcolm Gladwell's â€Å"Outliers†, where many people who are trained enough in certain low-chaotic environments make correct decisions and judgments without using the Bayesian framework at all. Firefighters, for example, do not undergo a Bayesian calculus before deciding whether or not it's safe to pull a child out of a burning building. They just do it because they've done it many times before, and have a rough heuristic estimate on the safety of such an action. Similarly, chess players do not use Bayesian analysis to think many turns ahead; what research has found is that through thousands of hours of practice and becoming familiar and experienced with similar setpieces in the past, gives them an ability to predict moves assuming that the opposing player is also rational. Conversely, high chaotic environments, such as the political sphere, is where Bayesian reasoning thrives due to the high amount of uncertainty.The other criticism are from the frequentists. In general, the probability of teaching in school can be called frequencyism. An event, if performed repeatedly multiple times independently, dividing the number of occurrences by the number of executions yields a frequency. For example, throwing coins, throwing 10000 times, 4976 times positive, the frequency is 0.4976. Then if the implementation of many many, the frequency will tend to a fixed value, is the probability of this time. In fact, to prove it involves the central limit theorem, but it does not start.

Xiaotingia - Facts and Figures

Name: Xiaotingia; pronounced zhow-TIN-gee-ah Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Late Jurassic (155 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and five pounds Diet: Insects Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; long tail; primitive feathers About Xiaotingia In order to understand the importance of Xiaotingia, you need a short lesson about a much more famous animal, Archaeopteryx. When the exquisitely preserved fossils of Archaeopteryx were discovered in Germanys Solnhofen fossil beds in the mid-19th century, naturalists identified this flying, feathered creature as the first true bird, the key missing link in avian evolution. Thats the image that has persisted ever since in the popular imagination, even though better-informed paleontologists now know that Archaeopteryx possessed a weird mix of bird-like and dinosaur-like characteristics, and probably should have been classified as a feathered dinosaur (rather than a primitive bird) all along. So what does all of this have to do with Xiaotingia? Well, this very Archaeopteryx-like critter, discovered in Chinas Liaoning fossil beds, predated its more prominent cousin by five million years, living about 155 rather than 150 million years ago. More important, the research team that examined Xiaotingia identified it right off the bat as a small maniraptoran theropod that shared important features in common with raptor dinosaurs like Microraptor and Velociraptor, rather than a prehistoric bird--the implication being that if Xiaotingia wasnt a true bird, then neither was Archaeopteryx, which was only recently descended from it. This has caused a large amount of consternation in the Archaeopteryx was a bird camp, but hasnt impressed those more dubious paleontologists who doubted Archaeopteryxs credentials in the first place!

Autosomal Dominant Autosomal Recessive Disorder - 1048 Words

1. Autosomal dominant genes are modified copies of the gene in a given cell. This is enough for someone to become affected by an autosomal dominant disorder. The person that inherits the given disorder would do so from a parent that is also affected by the same gene. Some disorders that fit into this classification are Huntingtons disease and Marfan syndrome. When a person is affected by an autosomal recessive disorder, both copies will be mutated in these genes. When a person has been diagnoses with an autosomal recessive disorder, the parents will each be a carrier of one copy of each mutated gene, however, they will typically not display any signs of symptoms of having this condition. Autosomal recessive disorders are not necessarily passed down to each and every generation, but can also skip generations as it transforms. Some well-known diseases that are autosomal recessive are cystic fibrosis, as well as sickle cell anemia. X-linked dominant disorders are produced by changes of the X chromosome on the gene. Females have two X chromosomes. A mutation in one of the two copies of the gene of each cell is enough to cause a disorder. Males only have one X chromosome, so metamorphosis in only one copy of the gene from each cell is a foundation for the disorder as well. Males can also not pass the gene on to another male, such as their son. It is also not uncommon for males to experience more severe symptoms or reactions of the disorder than that of a female. An exampleShow MoreRelatedHuntington s Disease : An Autosomal Recessive Autosomal Dominant Autosomal Disorder2037 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Huntington’s disease is an autosomal, dominant inherited disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion at the amino-terminal on the huntingtin protein. It causes a progressive degeneration of spiny nerve cells in the striatum and cortex of the brain, impairing a person’s functional and cognitive abilities. Polyglutamine repeats of 36 are found to be non-threating but sequences containing an additional two or three repeats are associated with Huntington’s disease. According to aggregationRead MoreUnit 5 : From Autosomal Dominant Traits940 Words   |  4 PagesConstruction: Part 2: Autosomal Dominant Traits: Part 3: Autosomal Recessive Traits: Part 4: Sex-Linked Inheritance: Part 5: Population Genetics: (SKIP) Part 6: Unsettled Issues: Part 1: Pedigree Construction: â€Æ' Part 2: Autosomal Dominant Traits: 1. Do autosomal dominant disorders skip generations? No autosomal dominant disorders do not skip generations; they pass on through each generation. If parents have a child, their child will receive the same autosomal dominant disorders that the parents hadRead MoreSymptoms Of Autosomal Dominant Disorders929 Words   |  4 Pages In Sickness and in Health: A Trip to the Genetic Counselor Part 2: Autosomal Dominant Traits 1. Do autosomal dominant disorders skip generations? No, autosomal dominant disorders do not skip generations; they pass on through each generation. If parents have a child, their child will receive the same autosomal dominant disorders that the parents had. And the opposite, if the parent doesn’t have any autosomal dominant disorders, then the child won’t have any either. As well, on the pedigree chartRead MoreThe National Institute Of Health1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe National Institute of Health (2014) listed the most common form of familial hyperinsulinism to be an autosomal recessive genetic defect that is common among the Ashkenazi Jewish population. This condition affects 1 in 66 carriers who are Ashkenazi Jews since they have reported consanguineous marriages (NIH, 2014). Among Ashkenazi Jews, two single ABCC8 mutations account for 90 percent of cases of familiar hyperinsulinism (Mazor-Aronovitch, et al, 2007). The incidence of FHI in individuals ofRead MoreSymptoms Of Autosomal Dominant Disorders1126 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesTrip to the Genetic Counselor Part 1: Pedigree Construction: â€Æ' Part 2: Autosomal Dominant Traits: 1. Do autosomal dominant disorders skip generations? No autosomal dominant disorders do not skip generations; they pass on through each generation. If parents have a child, their child will receive the same autosomal dominant disorders that the parents had. And the opposite, if the parent don’t have any autosomal dominant disorders, then the child won’t have any. 2. Could Greg or his mother be carriersRead MoreCongenital hearing loss is described as hearing loss that exists at birth. Factors responsible for1200 Words   |  5 Pagesother organ systems) or nonsyndromic (no associated visible abnormalities of the external ear or any related medical problems)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Over 400 genetic syndromes are associated with congenital hearing loss. These include Treacher Collins, an autosomal dominant disorder and Down syndrome, an x-linked hearing loss. Although congenital hearing loss can be difficult to live with, hearing aids, surgery, and therapy are all available as forms of treatment. Hearing loss must be treated as soon as possible toRead MoreThe Genetic Conditions of the Waardenburg Syndrome Essay840 Words   |  4 Pages(Genetics 2013). Cases of Waardenburg Syndrome are not very common. There are different types of symptoms of the syndrome. Waardenburg Syndrome can be inherited either on an autosomal dominant pattern or autosomal recess ive pattern (Calendar 2013). The ways of diagnosing Waardenburg Syndrome include certain tests to detect the disorder. While Waardenburg Syndrome cannot be cured, treatments can be given to lessen the effects. Like other diseases, Waardenburg Syndrome has certain symptoms, inheritance patternsRead MoreParkinson s No Longer Happens But Is Inherited1181 Words   |  5 Pages Parkinson’s no longer happens but is inherited An autosomal recessive is how one inherits a trait, disorder, or disease that is passed or shared through families. Whether it is albinism or red hair (also referred to as day walkers or ginger) height or heath both parent carry the autosomal trait that is passed to the child. An autosomal recessive disorder means that two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop. A mutation in a gene on one of the firstRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Polycystic Kidney Disease752 Words   |  4 PagesAssessment details: An Inherited Genetic Disease Title: Polycystic Kidney Disease Introduction Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a fairly common genetic disorder of the kidneys. It affects approximately 1in 750 people. There are 2 types, the autosomal dominant (ADPKD) and the autosomal recessive (ARPKD). Autosomal dominant (ADPKD) is far more common of the two. The disease presents with lots of cysts on the kidneys and can not be cured. Medication can manage the symptoms. The symptoms includeRead MoreFactors Affecting Human Development During Phases Of Meiosis And Mitosis2070 Words   |  9 Pagessyndrome, and Turner’s syndrome. The Mendelian principles of genetics developed by Gregor Mendel include the patterns of autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. Autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns can cause disorders such as: Marfan syndrome and Huntington disease from the inheritance of dominant alleles, and cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell disease from recessive alleles. Polygenic and mitochondrial inheritance are forms of Non-Mendelian inheritance pat terns. Polygenic inheritance

A Sociological Literature On Aesthetic Labor - 943 Words

Good (Enough) Clothes, Bad Bodies: Disadvantaged Women, Unemployment, Aesthetic Labor and the Embodied Disadvantages of Race Class, Age and Body Size Much research on gender inequality in the workplace has rightfully interrogated the â€Å"glass ceiling.† Yet it is also vital that gender scholars understand social barriers to what might be termed the â€Å"front door,† by examining the experiences of disadvantaged women seeking entry into the low-wage labor market. A sociological literature on aesthetic labor suggests that poor and working class women’s appearance may be an important barrier to their entry into the workforce, yet little research has explored processes by which adult women jobseekers might acquire these embodied capacities. To bridge this gap in the literature, I draw on thirteen months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted at a Successful Women’s Outfitters (SWO) affiliate office in the western United States. SWO is a nonprofit organization that aims to help unemployed disadvantaged women become economically self-sufficient by providing them with â€Å"style advice† and second-han d business attire to wear during job interviews. This paper builds on feminist critiques of U.S. welfare reform, bringing the literature on gendered and class-based volunteerism into conversation with workplace literature exploring interactive service work as a form of â€Å"inequality in action† (Hanser 2012). I analyze SWO’s policies and procedures, alongside everyday interactions between SWO staff,Show MoreRelatedASAM 5 Notes Essay6590 Words   |  27 Pagesï » ¿Lecture 1- Stories: a core demand? Saturday, February 8, 2014 2:42 PM    Stories: a core demand? Children constantly ask to be read stories The need for narrative may not be as core as. Three parts Minority Literature Minority literature The concept of minority has been central to the very founding of American life and government Metaphors of minorities Invisibility : lock of recognition Notion of otherness: radical difference WEB Dubois, the souls of Black Folk (1903) Historian andRead More Transcending Herbert Marcuse on Alienation, Art and the Humanities4411 Words   |  18 Pages ABSTRACT: This paper discusses how higher education can help us in accomplishing our humanization. It looks at the critical educational theory of Herbert Marcuse, and examines his notion of the dis-alienating power of the aesthetic imagination. In his view, aesthetic education can become the foundation of a re-humanizing critical theory. I question the epistemological underpinnings of Marcuses educational philosophy and suggest an alternative intellectual framework for interpreting and releasingRead MoreIntroduction to Urban Design and Community Planning3820 Words   |  16 PagesDiscrimination Act 1995 continues to raise awareness and enforce action on disability issues in the urban environment. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF: 1. AESTHETICS Ancient aesthetics We have examples of pre-historic art, but they are rare, and the context of their production and use is not very clear, so we can little more than guess at the aesthetic doctrines that guided their production and interpretation. Ancient art was largely, but not entirely, based on the seven great ancient civilizations:Read More Chinese Footbinding Essay3511 Words   |  15 Pagesabout the practice may only be drawn from 19th- and 20th-century writings, drawings or photographs. In addition, many of these documents represent a distinctly Western point of view, as they are primarily composed of missionary accounts and the literature of the various anti -footbinding societies.[1] The historical origins of footbinding are frustratingly vague, although brief textual references suggest that small feet for women were preferred as early as the Han dynasty. The first documented referenceRead MoreAbrahamson, E. (1996). Management Fashion. Academy of Management Review, 21, 1, 254-28515598 Words   |  63 Pagesfor these stakeholders. Modes, vogues, fads, fashions, rages, and crazes frequently revolutionize many aspects of cultural life. Theories of fashion, however, focus narrowly on fashions in aesthetic forms which, like clothing or haute cuisine, gratify our senses and emotional well-being. This focus on aesthetic fashions has two consequences. First, it confines fashion studies either to forms that have traditionally been considered trivial, such as mens beards (Robinson, 1976)or to forms that areRead MoreExperiences of Working in the Media2108 Words   |  8 Pagesused by the workforce to withstand ethics that guide media personality in media production. I am also obliged to knowing the challenged faced by the media workforce; and how their working behavioral characteristic reflect to the concept of emotional labor theory in media vicinity. Other necessary objectives are to gain an understanding on the general expectations of working in media, as well as the vantages and limitations of working in such an en vironment. Methodology I did conduct my research byRead MoreEssay on The Metropolitan Man3091 Words   |  13 Pagesrural life. The metropolitan man’s life and continually speeding up with little time for emotional growth. The emphasis here rests highly on the intellect and developing a keen understanding of academics and societal regularities, such as art, literature, and fashion. The pace of rural living is much more lethargic. Consequently more time is spent developing deep meaningful relationships with people. As Simmel also points out, a person in the city could spend their whole life not knowing theirRead MoreW.E.B. Du Bois Essay1794 Words   |  8 Pages After teaching for several years, Du Bois conducted an exhaustive study of the social and economic conditions of urban blacks in Philadelphia in 1896 and 1897. The results were published in the Philadelphia Negro (1899). This was the first sociological text on a black community published in the United States. In 1897 Du Bois moved to Atlanta University, where he taught economics and history for more than a decade. His most widely acclaimed work, The Souls of Black Folk (1903) was publishedRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 PagesThe student is advised to consult more advanced texts to gain further understanding of how to appreciate art more fully. HUMANITIES: What is it? †¢ The term Humanities comes from the Latin word, â€Å"humanitas† †¢ It generally refers to art, literature, music, architecture, dance and the theatre—in which human subjectivity is emphasized and individual expressiveness is dramatized. HOW IMPORTANT IS HUMANITIES †¢ The fields of knowledge and study falling under humanities are dedicated to theRead More1. Introduction University management nowadays has to do all their best in order to organize an3000 Words   |  12 Pagescombination of three quality criteria: operability, training, and communicativeness. Usability in Boehm’s model is related to As-Is software utility. FURPS model determines usability as a non-functional characteristic, which includes human factors, aesthetics, consistency in the user interface, online and context-sensitive help, wizards, user documentation, and access to training materials. According to Dromey’s quality model usability is matched with descriptive product’s properties. TAM is oriented

Male on Male Rape Free Essays

string(51) " acts of forced anal, vaginal or oral intercourse\." The lack of tracking of sexual crimes against men and the | |lack of research about the effects of male rape are indicative of the attitude held by society at large — that while male rape | |occurs, it is not an acceptable topic for discussion. | |Historically, the rape of males was more widely recognized in ancient times. Several of the legends in Greek mythology involved | |abductions and sexual assaults of males by other males or gods. We will write a custom essay sample on Male on Male Rape or any similar topic only for you Order Now The rape of a defeated male enemy was considered the special right of | |the victorious soldier in some societies and was a signal of the totality of the defeat. There was a widespread belief that a male who| |was sexually penetrated, even if it was by forced sexual assault, thus â€Å"lost his manhood,† and could no longer be a warrior or ruler. | |Gang rape of a male was onsidered an ultimate form of punishment and, as such, was known to the Romans as punishment for adultery and| |the Persians and Iranians as punishment for violation of the sanctity of the harem (Donaldson, 1990). | |Nicholas Groth, a clinical psychologist and author of Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender, says all sexual assault is an act | |of aggression, regardless of the gender or age of the victim or the assailant. Neither sexual desire nor sexual deprivation is the | |primary motivating force behind sexual assault. It is not about sexual gratification, but rather a sexual aggressor using somebody | |else as a means of expressing their own power and control. | |Much has been written about the psychological trauma associated with the rape of female vict ims.While less research has been | |conducted about male rape victims, case research suggests that males also commonly experience many of the reactions that females | |experience. These reactions include: depression, anger, guilt, self-blame, sexual dysfunctions, flashbacks, and suicidal feelings | |(Isley, 1991). Other problems facing males include an increased sense of vulnerability, damaged self-image and emotional distancing | |(Mezey King, 1989). Male rape victims not only have to confront unsympathetic attitudes if they choose to press charges, they also | |often hear unsupportive statements from their friends, family and acquaintances (Brochman, 1991). People will tend to fault the male | |victim instead of the rapist.Stephen Donaldson, president of Stop Prisoner Rape (a national education and advocacy group), says that | |the suppression of knowledge of male rape is so powerful and pervasive that criminals such as burglars and robbers sometimes rape | |their male victims as a sideline solely to prevent them from going to the police. | |There are many reasons that male victims do not come forward and report being raped, but perhaps the biggest reason for many males is | |the fear of being perceived as homosexual. However, male sexual assault has nothing to do with the sexual orientation of the attacker | |or the victim, just as a sexual assault does not make the victim survivor gay, bisexual or heterosexual. It is a violent crime that | |affects heterosexual men as much as gay men.The phrase â€Å"homosexual rape,† for instance, which is often used by uninformed persons to | |designate male-male rape, camouflages the fact that the majority of the rapists are not generally homosexual (Donaldson, 1990). | |In a well-known study of offenders and victims conducted by Nicholas Groth and Ann Burgess, one-half of the offender population | |described their consenting sexual encounters to be with women only, while 38 percent had consenting sexual encounters with men and | |women. Additionally, one-half of the victim population was strictly heterosexual. Among the offenders studied, the gender of the | |victim did not appear to be of specific significance to half of the offenders.Instead, they appeared to be relatively indiscriminate | |with regard to their choice of a victim — that is, their victims included both males and females, as well as both adults and children| |(Groth Burg ess, 1980). The choice of a victim seemed to be more a matter of accessibility than of sexual orientation, gender or age. | |Many people believe that the majority of male rape occurs in prison; however, there is existing research which shatters this myth. A | |study of incarcerated and non-incarcerated male rape victims in Tennessee concluded that the similarities between these two groups | |would suggest that the sexual assault of men may not be due to conditions unique to a prison and that all men are potential victims | |(Lipscomb et al. , 1992). |Research indicates that the most common sites for male rape involving post-puberty victims are outdoors in remote areas and in | |automobiles (the latter usually involving hitchhikers). Boys in their early and mid-teens are more likely to be victimized than older | |males (studies indicate a median victim age of 17). The form of assault usually involves penetration of the victim anally and/or | |orally, rather than stimulation of the victim’s penis. Gang rape is more common in cases involving male victims than those involving | |female victims. Also, multiple sexual acts are more likely to be demanded, weapons are more likely to be displayed and used, and | |physical injury is more likely to occur, with the injuries that do occur being more serious than with injured female rape victims | |(Porter, 1986). |Definition | |Sexual assault and rape include any unwanted sexual acts. The assailant can be a stranger, an acquaintance, a family member, or | |someone the victim knows well and trusts. Rape and sexual assault are crimes of violence and are used to exert power and control over | |another person. The legal definitions of rape and sexual assault can vary from state to state (National Center for Victims of Crime, | |GetHep Series: Sexual Assault Legislation). However, usually a sexual assault occurs when someone touches any part of another person’s| |body in a sexual way, even through their clothes, without that person’s consent.Rape of males is any kind of sexual assault that | |involves forced penetration of the anus or mouth by a penis, finger or any other object. Both rape and sexual assault includes | |situations when the victim cannot say â€Å"no† because he is disabled, unconscious, drunk or high. | |In some states, the word â€Å"rape† is used only to define a forced act of vaginal sexual intercourse, and an act of forced anal | |intercourse is termed â€Å"sodomy. † In some states, the crime of sodomy also includes any oral sexual act. There are some states that now | |use gender-neutral terms to define acts of forced anal, vaginal or oral intercourse. You read "Male on Male Rape" in category "Papers"Also, some states no longer use the terms â€Å"rape† | |and â€Å"sodomy,† rather all sex crimes are described as sexual assaults or criminal sexual conduct of various degrees depending on the | |use and amount of force or coercion on the part of the assailant (National Center for Victims of Crime, GetHep Series: Sexual Assault | |Legislation). | |Victims’ Response | |It is not uncommon for a male rape victim to blame himself for the rape, believing that he in some way gave permission to the rapist | |(Brochman, 1991). Male rape victims suffer a similar fear that female rape victims face — that people will believe the myth that they| |may have enjoyed being raped. Some men may believe they were not raped or that they gave consent because they became sexually aroused,| |had an erection, or ejaculated during the sexual assault. These are normal, involuntary physiological reactions.It does not mean that| |the victim wanted to be raped or sexually assaulted, or that the survivor enjoyed the traumatic experience. Sexual arousal does not | |necessarily mean there was consent. | |According to Groth, some assailants may try to get their victim to ejaculate because for the rapist, it symbolizes their complete | |sexual control over their victim’s body. Since ejaculation is not always within conscious control but rather an involuntary | |physiological reaction, rapists frequently succeed at getting their male victims to ejaculate. As Groth and Burgess have found in | |their research, this aspect of the attack is extremely stressful and confusing to the victim. In misidentifying ejaculation with | |orgasm, the victim may be bewildered by his physiological response during the sexual assault and, therefore, may be discouraged from | |reporting the assault for fear his sexuality may become suspect (Groth ; Burgess, 1980). | |Another major concern facing male rape victims is society’s belief that men should be able to protect themselves and, therefore, it is| |somehow their fault that they were raped. The experience of a rape may affect gay and heterosexual men differently. Most rape | |counselors point out that gay men have difficulties in their sexual and emotional relationships with other men and think that the | |assault occurred because they are gay, whereas straight men often begin to question their sexual identity and are more disturbed by | |the sexual aspect of the assault than the violence involved (Brochman, 1991). |Male Rape as an Act of Anti-Gay Violence | |Unfortunately, incidents of anti-gay violence also include forcible rape, either oral or anal. Attackers frequently use verbal | |harassment and name-calling during such a sexual assault. Given the context of coercion, however, such technically homosexual acts | |seem to imply no homosexuality on the part of the offenders. The victim serves, both physically and symbolically, as a â€Å"vehicle for | |the sexual status needs of the offenders in the course of recreational violence† (Harry, 1992, p. 115). |If You Are a Victim | |Rape and sexual assault include any unwanted sexual acts. Even if you agree to have sex with someone, you have the right to say â€Å"no† | |at any time, and to say â€Å"no† to any sexual acts. If you are sexually assaulted or raped, it is never your fault — you are not | |responsible for the actions of others. | |Richie J. McMullen, author of Male Rape: Breaking the Silence on the Last Taboo, encourages seeking immediate medical attention | |whether or not the incident is reported to police. Even if you do not seem injured, it is important to get medical attention. |Sometimes injuries that seem minor at first can get worse. Survivors can sometimes contract a sexually transmitted disease during the | |sexual assault, but not suffer immediate symptoms.Even if the symptoms of that disease take weeks or months to appear, it might be | |easily treated with an early diagnosis. (If you are concerned about HIV exposure, it is important to talk to a counselor about the | |possibility of exposure and the need for testing. For more information about HIV transmission and testing, contact the Centers for | |Disease Control National HIV/AIDS Hotline. Check the contact list at the end of this bulletin for the phone number and address | |information. | |Medical considerations making immediate medical attention imperative include: | |Rectal and anal tearing and abrasions which may require attention and put you at risk for bacterial infections; | |Potential HIV exposure; and | |Exposure to other sexually transmitted diseases. | |If you plan to report the rape to the police, an immediate medical examination is necessary to collect potential evidence for the | |investigation and prosecution. |Some of the physical reactions a survivor may experience in response to the trauma of a sexual assault or rape include: | |Loss of appetite; | |Nausea and/or stomachaches; | |Headaches; | |Loss of memory and/or concentration; and/or | |Changes in sleep patterns. | |Some of the psychological and emotional reactions a sexual assault survivor may experience include: |Denial and/or guilt; | |Shame or humiliation; | |Fear and a feeling of loss of control; | |Loss of self-respect; | |Flashbacks to the attack; | |Anger and anxiety; | |Retaliation fant asies (sometimes shocking the survivor with their graphic violence); | |Nervous or compulsive behavior; | |Depression and mood swings; | |Withdrawal from relationships; and | |Changes in sexual activity. | |Survivors of rape, and often of attempted rape, usually manifest some elements of what has come to be called Rape-Related | |Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (RR-PTSD), a form of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) . Apart from a small number of therapists and | |counselors specializing in sexual assault cases, few psychotherapists are familiar with the symptoms and treatment of RR-PTSD. For | |this reason, a rape survivor is usually well-advised to consult with a rape crisis center or someone knowledgeable in this area rather| |than relying on general counseling resources. The same applies to those close to a rape victim, such as a partner, spouse or parent; | |these persons become secondary victims of the sexual assault and have special issues and concerns that they may need assistance in | |dealing with effectively. | |Local rape crisis centers offer male sexual assault victims direct services or referrals for services, including: counseling, crisis | |services and support services. Victims may contact their local rape crisis center, no matter how long it has been since the rape | |occurred. Counselors on staff can either provide support, or help direct the victim to trained professionals who can provide support. | |Most rape programs are staffed by women; however, some programs have male and female counselors. If you prefer one or the other, make | |that preference known when you initially contact the program.Whether or not they have male staff on call, almost all rape crisis | |centers can make referrals to male counselors sensitive to the needs of male sexual assault survivors. In addition, many communities | |across the country have support groups for victims of anti-gay violence. | |Counseling can help you cope with the physical and emotional reactions to the sexual assault or rape, as well as provide you with | |necessary information about medical and criminal justice system procedures. Seeking counseling is an important way to regain a sense | |of control over your life after surviving a sexual assault. Contact your local rape crisis program even if services are not expressly | |advertised for male rape survivors.The number can be found in your local phone book listed under â€Å"Community Services Numbers,† | |†Emergency Assistance Numbers,† â€Å"Survival Numbers† or â€Å"Rape. † | |Sexual assault and rape are serious crimes. As a sexual assault survivor, you have the right to report the crime to the police. This | |decision is one only you can make. But because authorities are not always sensitive to male sexual assault victims, it is important to| |have a friend or advocate go with you to report the crime for support and assistance. How to cite Male on Male Rape, Papers

Value of Project Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a summary of role of Project Management in today's Business World. Answer: The summary of role of Project Management in todays business world: The project management is the discipline to initiate, plan, execute, control and close a teams work for achieving particular goals. The main significance of this is to gain every desired aims of a project within the constraints provided (Kerzner 2013). The project management imparts a huge effect in the current business world. Based on studies and personal and professional experiences the summary analyzes the role of project management in the current era. The process to complete a particular course in managing the group of related, interdependent and ongoing projects is referred to as the project management. The lifecycles of a project includes four different steps. First one is the defining, that deals with the goals, specifications, tasks and responsibilities. The next phase is the planning and considers the staffing, risks, resources, budgets and schedules. Then come the executing phase that includes the status reports, changes, quality and forecasts (Burke 2013). The last one is the closing where the lessons are learned, and the activities like evaluation, releasing resources, transferring documents and training the customers are done. The factors in the present day drivers of project management are the knowledge explosion, compressing of the product life cycle, the tripe bottom lines like planet, profit and people, rise in customer focus and the smaller projects denoting huge problems. During the project governance every project management activities are overviewed. It demonstrates the large scenario of how the organizational resources are used. The risks are assessed and there establishes a link between the senior management and the actual project execution management (Fleming and Koppelman 2016). The project management of today undertakes two socio technical approaches. The first one is the technical dimension or the scientific one. This comprises of the purely logical, disciplined, formal parts of the process. This includes the controlling, scheduling and planning of projects. The next one is the socio-cultural one that falls under the field of arts. This includes the paradoxical and contradictory world to implement. This centers on developing a social system which is temporary under a huge organizational scenario assimilating the talents of sets of professional divergent in nature and working to finish the project. The strategic management section of the process does the analyzing and formulating strategies for reaching the objectives. The project portfolio management has been building discipline in the selection process of the project (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). Apart from allocating resources to the projects, it balances the risk across every project and justifies the killing projects improving communication and the support agreements on the project goals. The highly skilled professionals referred to as the professional managers need to perform the project management. Since the company executives and the entrepreneurs have been dealing with the regular responsibilities to manage a company, it has been vital to utilize dedicated managers to control the projects from the conception till completion (Mir and Pinnington 2014). The project manager faces various challenges in the process if right people are not induced at the correct time for addressing the right issues and making the correct decisions. They manage the non-repetitive temporary activities and generally act independently. They have been marshalling the resources for that project and linked to the interface of the customer directly. They have been providing integration, coordination and direction to the project team. Thus they are always responsible for the performing and the successful outcome of the project (Larson and Gray 2014). Moreover they react to the changes with proper modifications in the present projects and decisions regarding the future ones. They have known that the strategy of the organization could turn into efficient advocates of the projects aligned along with the objectives. The project has been the temporary endeavor undertaken to develop any distinct result, service or product. The project managers need to keep eye on all the matters ranging from resources to deadlines given for the project. The project managers understanding the strategy of the organization could turn themselves into more efficient project advocates aligned with the mission of the organization. Understanding of the efficient techniques of project management serves the companies in executing large-scale projects within allocated budget and time. This is done with the minimum disruption to the additional section of the business. References: Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Cicmil, S., Cooke-Davies, T., Crawford, L. and Richardson, K., 2017, April. Exploring the complexity of projects: Implications of complexity theory for project management practice. Project Management Institute. Fleming, Q.W. and Koppelman, J.M., 2016, December. Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C.F., 2014. Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. Martinelli, R.J. and Milosevic, D.Z., 2016.Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), pp.202-217.